.tm 6
.in 15
.rm 75
.pn 72
.fo ;;%;;
.ls 2
.ce
APPENDIX A - TEXT PROCESSOR USER'S MANUAL

    This section and the next appendix were formatted by
using the "TEXT" text processor. Unfortunatelly, 
the existing printer does not have the lower-case
letter. All lower-case characters were printed in upper-case
letters.
The text processor user's manual is organized as follows.
.ls 1

    INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
    ADJUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
    BOTTOM MARGIN AND BOTTOM SPACE . . . . . . . . 77
    BREAK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
    BEGIN PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
    CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
    DELIMITER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
    FILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
    FOOTNOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
    FOOTING AND HEADING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
    INDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
    LINE SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
    NEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    NO FILL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
    NO JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
    NEW PARAGRAPH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
    PAGE LENGTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    PAGE NUMBER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
    RIGHT MARGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    SPACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    TABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
    TEMPORARY INDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
    TOP MARGIN AND TOP SPACE . . . . . . . . . . .101
    UNDERLINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
    COMMAND LIST SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
.he ;;;TEXT USER'S MANUAL;
.ls 2
.bp
.CE
INTRODUCTION

    TEXT is a text processor program designed to be used in the ISIS-II system.
It is supported by a line editor program ED. To use TEXT is very easy. First 
is loading the ISIS-II system. Then if you do not have a text file ready
to be processed, create one, using either EDIT (the ISIS-II editor) or  
ED. ED is recommended,
because ED is designed to prepare a TEXT source file, and is very easy to
use. After you finish with editing, you are ready to format your file
using TEXT, with the following command line:
      TEXT inputfile [outputfile]
.br
Inputfile is your source file, and outputfile is optional,
if not specified a default file name is created for the outputfile.
Outputfile may be directed to other than a diskette file, by specifying
the device name, i.e.
.nf
  :LP:     for printer
  :TO:     for teletypewriter
  :CO:     for crt
.fi
If you write
  TEXT ABC DEF
.br
the inputfile is ABC, and the outputfile is DEF.
  TEXT ABC
.br
will give the default outputfile ABC.OUT.
Commands    are entered in lines within the source file of the document.
Each command is typed on a separate line immediately preceding the text
over which it will have control, with a period (.) as the first character
of the command. The period tells the TEXT that information in that line
is a command. TEXT then knows to read the line for instruction controlling
the document format. TEXT commands consist of two letters preceded by
period, and may be extended to whatever the user wants, as long as the
first two characters are correct. As an example, these two commands have
the same effect:
    .in 4
    .indent 4
.br
In addition, the user may place explanatory comments on command lines by
preceding the comment with at least one blank or tab character, and not
start with the numeric character.
TEXT will ignore this comment. Example:
.nf
    .ti +4 ----start new paragraph.
    .fill      Reset the filled line mode.
.fi
    Leading blanks and empty lines are special cases detected in text, which
force a break. Putting one or more empty lines in the text is equivalent to
giving the space command (.sp).
Leading blank will be printed as  is, so that  source text without
commands at all will be formatted properly.
     Each TEXT command will be described in the subsequent sections.
The legend used is as follows:
 any operand enclosed by [] is optional, and | between  operands
means choose one of them. Parenteses () enclose operands which are required.

Example:
.nf
[x|y]		means either x or y is optional operand.
(x|y)[z]        means xz, yz, x, or y are the possible
                operands.
.fi

The command may be written in either upper case, or lower case, but
not mixed.
.bp
.ce
ADJUST

Format:
  .ad

Description:
  The ADJUST command restores right margin justification. TEXT, in 
formatting, assumes right margin justification. Thus it is generally
only necessary to use ADJUST to restore right margin justification
that has previously been suspended by the execution of the NOJUSTIFY command.
.br
Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .no
  This line is filled but
  not right justified. The maximum
  length of each line is 30 characters.

  .ad
  After blank line above
  the filled lines are right justified.
  right margin of all lines are made even.
.br



output:
.br
.in +2
.rm -28
.no
This line is filled but
not right justified. The maximum
length of each line is 30 characters.

.ad
After blank line above
the filled lines are right justified.
right margin of all lines are made even.
.br
.rm +28
.in -2
.ls 2

.bp
.ce 
BOTTOM MARGIN AND BOTTOM SPACE

Format:
  .bm [n]
  .bs [n]

Operands:
.nf
  n............The number of lines.
.fi

Description:
  BOTTOM MARGIN sets the number of lines between the end of page and
footer title (footer is included). BOTTOM SPACE sets the number of lines 
between the last line and footer title.
See figure V-1.
System defaults set the BOTTOM MARGIN to four lines, and the BOTTOM
SPACE to two lines.
.nf

.ls 1
.in +10
.ne 23
!-----------------------!
!                       !
!                       !  TOP MARGIN
!  HEADER TITLE         !
!                       !  TOP SPACE
!  -------------------  !
!                       !
!                       !
!                       !
!                       !
!                       !
!                       !
!                       !
!  BOTTOM = LAST LINE   !
!                       !  BOTTOM SPACE
!  FOOTER TITLE         !
!                       !  BOTTOM MARGIN
!-----------------------!


Figure V-1. Page layout.
.in -10
.ls 2
.fi
.bp
.ce
BREAK

Format:
  .br

Description:
  The BREAK command breaks off justification of the current line, and terminates
the tabulation command.
BREAK is important when using the tabulation command or starting a new line.
It returns the text to previous formatting status.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .ta 10 10 10 10 20
  ;Number;Name;Price;Note
  ;001;ABC;$ 10.0;-
  ;002;DEF;$ 20.0;-
  ;003;GHI;$ 30.0;-
  ;004;XYZ;$ 35.5;-
  .br
  This line appears after the table.


output:
.br
.ta 10 10 10 10 20
;number;name;price;note
;001;ABC;$ 10.0;-
;002;DEF;$ 20.0;-
;003;GHI;$ 30.0;-
;004;XYZ;$ 35.5;-
.br
This line appears after the table.
.ls 2
.bp
.ce
BEGIN PAGE

Format:
  .bp [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............New page number. If n is preceded by plus or minus sign,
the new page number is the current page number plus or minus n. If
not specified, +1 is assumed.
.br
.in -16

Description:
  This command always produce unconditional page eject, and begin new page
with optional new page number. BEGIN PAGE forces a break.

Example:

  .bp +5

.bp
.ce
CENTER

Format:
  .ce [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............number of lines to be centered. if not specified, one
is assumed.
.br
.in -16

Description:
  The CENTER command centers the specified number of lines exactly as they
entered. TEXT centered the material between the current left and right
margins. Thus, lines may be not  centered on the page.
This command forces a break.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .ce 2
  Naval Postgraduate School
  Monterey California
  This school is located at ...

.sp 2
output:
.ce 2
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey California
This school is located at ...

.ls 2
.bp
.ce
DELIMITER

Format:
  .dl char

Operand:
.nf
   char..........Any single printable ASCII character.
.fi

Description:
  The DELIMITER command is used to specify the delimiting character
between  table entries. The delimiter is initially a semicolon (;).
This is a useful command when the content of the table includes a semicolon.

Example:
.nf
  .dl *             * becomes a new tab symbol.
.fi

.bp
.ce
FILL

Format:
  .fi

Description:
  The fill command restores filled line mode.
TEXT in formatting assumes filled line mode. Thus it is generally only
necessary to use the .fi command to restore the fill mode, that previously had been
suspended by execution of nofill command.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .nf
  This text will appear as it is.
  No filling is done.

  .fi
  Start from this line, the text will appear in
  a neat format, right margin even.




output:
.br
.rm -33
.in +2
.nf
This text will appear as it is.
No filling is done.

.fi
Start from this line, the text will appear in
a neat format, right margin even.

.rm +33
.in -2
.ls 2
.bp
.ce
FOOTNOTE

Format:
  .fn [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............The number of footnote input lines to be stored.
If not specified, one is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The footnote command allows the footnote to be saved.
The footnote will be output later to the proper place on the page.
To assure that it will
appear on the proper page, the footnote should be placed as close as 
posible to the line related to this footnote. However, if
the footnote is to long and will not fit in the space left,
it will be continued to the next page, at the proper place.

Example: (next page)
.bp
.ls 1
input:
  This line refers to footnote (*).
  .fn 2
  (*) This is the footnote referred by the line on this page.
  It will appear as filled text at the bottom of the page.
  The best way to put the footnote is right after the line
  related to it.




output:
.br
.in +2
This line refers to footnote (*).
.fn 2
(*) This is the footnote referred by the line on this page.
It will appear as filled text at the bottom of the page.
The best way to put the footnote is right after the line
related to it.
.ls 2
.bp
.in -2
.ce
FOOTING AND HEADING

Format: 
  .fo   |LEFT|MIDDLE|RIGHT|
  .he   |LEFT|MIDDLE|RIGHT|

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  |.............delimiter of triple title. Any printable character
may be used as the delimiter, instead of |.
.ti -16
  LEFT..........Left title, a string of characters.
.ti -16
  MIDDLE........Middle title, the same as above.
.ti -16
  RIGHT.........Right title, the same as above.
.br
String may be a null string.

.in -16
Description:
  The FOOTING command request TEXT to insert the footer title as
a running title of a footer, at the bottom of all pages.
The HEADING command requests TEXT to insert the header title as a running
title of header, at the top of all pages.
The footer and the header are copied and formatted as three part
balance titles.
A single centered title may be produced by give a null string
to the LEFT and the RIGHT title. If percent sign (%) are present,
TEXT will replace it with the current page number.

Example:
  .fo ;;%;;
  .he $$$USER MANUAL$
.bp
.ce
INDENT

Format:
  .in [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of spaces, if preceded by plus or minus, n is added
or subtracted to the current indent. If not specified, zero is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The indent command sets the left margin n spaces to the right.
At any point in the preparation of a document, the indent may be changed
as desired. The initial value is zero.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .in 10
  Main text.
  .br
  .in +4
  This text will appear 4 spaces to the right
  relative to the current left margin.



output:
.br
.in +2
Main text.
.br
.in +4
This text will appear 4 spaces to the right
relative to the current left margin.
.br
.ls 2
.in -6
.bp
.ce 
LINE SPACING

Format:
  .ls [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of carriage return/line feeds per line of
output. If not specified, one is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The line spacing command is used to set number of blank lines
between lines of type. TEXT assumes that n = 1; that is, a single
spaced document. It is used only if more than single space
is to be used, and to reset to single space again.

Example:
.nf
  .ls 2		give a double spaced document.
.fi
.bp
.ce 
NEED
Format:

  .ne n

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of input lines which needs to be placed 
together in one page 

.in -16
Description:
  The need command is used to determine if sufficient space left 
on a page to accomodate a group of lines of formatted text.
The n selected is number of lines of formatted text which need to be kept
together. Therefore the page must have at least n lines of typing space
left. TEXT determines if there are enough spaces left on the present
page; if not, it will carry all of the n formatted lines over the
next page.

Example:
.ls 1

  .nf
  .ne 4
  These for lines should be appear 
  at the same page, because of
  the .ne command 
  above.
.ls 2

.bp
.ce
NO FILL

Format:
  .nf

Description:
 The NO FILL command suspends the fill mode. Using this command,
no right margin justification is performed. All lines begin at 
the established left margin and are printed exactly as entered.
The actual apperance of lines can be chosen at the typing time.

Example:
  .nf
  Text ...

.bp
.ce 
NOJUSTIFY

Format:
  .no

Description:
  The NOJUSTIFY command is used to terminate a right margin justification.
A right margin justification is automatically assumed by TEXT. If it is not
desired, this command is used. Subsequent use of the adjust command will
restore the justification.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .no
  This text is filled,
  but no right justification 
  is done.


output:
.br
.in +2
.rm -33
.no
This text is filled,
but no right justification 
is done.

.ad
.in -2
.rm +33
.ls 2
.bp
.ce 
NEW PARAGRAPH

Format:
  .pp

Description:
  The NEW PARAGRAPH command is used to begin new paragraph of a 
document. One blank line will be inserted, first line is indented four
spaces to the right, relative to the current indent, and at least
the first two lines of a paragraph are kept together in one page.

Example:
.ls 1

  .pp
  This is a fresh new paragraph.
  ...
.ls 2
.bp
.ce 
PAGE LENGTH

Format:
  .pl [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of lines of type per page. If not specified,
66 lines is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The PAGE LENGTH command is used to set the number of lines of type
per page. The initial value is 66.

Example:
  .pl 60
.bp
.ce
PAGE NUMBER

Format:
  .pn n

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............New page number. If n is preceded by plus or minus
sign, n is added or subtracted to the current page number.

.in -16
Description:
  The page number command is used to set the next page number. If the first 
page number of the output is wanted to be set, this command should
be placed preceding any command and input line.

Example:
  .pn 100
.bp
.ce 
RIGHT MARGIN

Format:
  .rm [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............New right margin is n, where n is a number. If
n is preceded by plus or minus sign, n is added
or subtracted to the current right margin. If
n is not specified, 72 is assumed.

.in -16

Description.
 The RIGHT MARGIN command is used to set the right margin to column n.
Right margin may be changed as desired throughout the document. It
is initially assumed to be in column 72 unless set by RIGHT MARGIN
command.

Example:
  .rm 65
.bp
.ce 
SPACE

Format:
  .sp [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of lines to be skipped. If not specified
one is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The SPACE command causes TEXT to skip n lines before printing the
next line of text.
If less then n lines are left on a page, a new page is started. This
command is useful for placing separate spaces between paragraphs
or section of document.

Example:
  .sp 10
.bp 
.ce 
TABLE
Format:
  .ta [n1 n2 ...]

Operands:
.br
.in + 16
.ti -16
  n1 n2 .... The width of column one, column two and so forth.
If not specified, the previous columns specification is assumed. Initial
column specification is four for each column. Maximum arguments
are twenty.

.in -16
Description:
  The table command is used to format information in a tabular form. A table
may be used to prepare reports which include columns of figures, names,
and so forth. The command makes column arranging accurate and easy.
For each column of information, determine the maximum column width in 
characters. Beginning on the next line, enter the information to be inserted
in the columns. TEXT will take the first entry and placed it in the
first column, the second entry in the second column, and so forth.
Each column entry must be separated by a semicolon (or the character 
set as a table delimiter by the .de command).
All commands except a break command are ignored.
  If at any point, a column does not have  an entry, it is only necessary
to enter the delimiting character, and then continue entering the 
information for the remaining columns. If a table entry is too large
for the column, it will be truncated.
  TEXT "remembers" the last table specification used. Therefore, it is 
possible to break from a table , insert a paragraph of other material,
and return to table processing simply by using the .ta command
without column specifications.

Example:
.ls 1

.nf
input:
  .ta 5 12 12 12 12 12
  ;item #;height;width;depth; weight
  ;1000;21 cm;59 cm;40 cm; 22 kilos
  ;1001;30 cm;60 cm;80 cm; 38 kilos
  ;2000;10 cm; 5 cm;17 cm;  3 kilos
  .br
.fi





output:
.ta 5 12 12 12 12 12
;item #;height;width;depth; weight
;1000;21 cm;59 cm;40 cm; 22 kilos
;1001;30 cm;60 cm;80 cm; 38 kilos
;2000;10 cm; 5 cm;17 cm;  3 kilos
.br
.ls 2
.bp
.ce 
TEMPORARY INDENT
Format:
  .ti [n]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n.............Number of indent spaces. If n is preceded by
the plus or minus sign, number of spaces is the current indent
plus or minus n. If not specified, zero is assumed. 

.in -16
Description:
  The temporary indent command indents the next line n spaces.
It is useful to make either hanging indent (to the left of the current
indent), or right indent to start new paragraph.
Temporary indent forces a break.

Example:
.ls 1

input:
  .ti +4
  This new paragraph will start four spaces indent.
  Temporary indent is a useful tool to make indent just for
  one line, and alltogether break the line.




output:
.br
.in +2
.ti +4
This new paragraph will start four spaces indent.
Temporary indent is a useful tool to make indent just for
one line, and alltogether break the line.

.in -2
.ls 2
.bp
.ce 
TOP MARGIN AND TOP SPACE
Format:
  .tm [n]
  .ts [n]

Operand:
.nf
  n.............Number of lines.
.fi

Description:
  TOP MARGIN sets the number of lines between the top of page and
heading title (heading is included). TOP SPACE sets the number of lines
between the heading title and the first line of text. See figure V-1.
System defaults set top margin four lines, and top space two lines.


.bp
.ce
UNDERLINE

Format:
  .ul [n]

Operand:
.br
.in + 16
.ti -14
n..............Number of lines. If n is not specified,
one is assumed.

.in -16
Description:
  The underline command is used to underline the next n lines.
The underline command does not force a break.
.bp
.ce
COMMAND LIST SUMMARY


.dl *
.LS 1
.ta 2 14 10 10 25
*command*break?*default*function

*.ad*no*-*Adjust mode on.
*.bm n*no*4*Bottom margin.
*.bp n*yes*+1*Begin page.
*.bs n*no*2*Bottom space.
*.ce n*yes*1*Center n input lines.
*.dl char*no*;*Tab symbol character.
*.fi*yes*-*Fill output lines.
*.fn n*no*1*footnote.
*.fo |l|m|r|*no*prev*running footer title.
*.he |l|m|r|*no*prev*running header title.
*.in n*no*0*indent n spaces.
*.ls n*no*1*line spacing.
*.nf*yes*-*no filling and adjusting.
*.pl n*no*66*page length.
*.pn n*no*+1*page numbering.
*.pp*yes*-*New paragraph.
*.rm n*no*72*Right margin.
*.sp n*yes*1*space n lines
*.ta n1 ...*yes*4 4 ...*tab setting.
*.ti n*yes*0*temporary indent.
*.tm n*no*4*top margin.
*.ts n*no*2*top space.
*.ul n*no*1*underline n lines.
.br
.ls 1
.he ;;;;
.bp
.sp 2
.ce
APPENDIX B - TEXT EDITOR USER'S MANUAL


    INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
    INFORMATION REQUEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
    APPEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
    CHANGE LINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
    DELETE LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
    INSERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
    COPY LINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
    LOCATE LINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
    MOVE LINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
    PRINT LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
    QUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
    SUBSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
    WRITE FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

.BP
.he ;;;ED USER'S MANUAL;
.ls 2
.ce 
INTRODUCTION

    ED is a text editor designed to be used in the ISIS-II system. This editor
is a line oriented editor, which uses relative line numbers.
However, context search may be used to locate a line
and for string substitution within the specified range of lines of text.
  To use ED, type:
    ED <filename>
.br
where <filename> is the diskette file to be edited or created.
Filename consists of up to six
alphanumeric characters with an optional extention name up to three 
characters. The dot separating the filename and the extention name.
If the file is in drive one, the file name should be preceded by
:f1:.
  If no file is specified, ED will ask for it. If the file already exists, ED will 
transfer the contents of that file into the input buffer, and the last line
becomes the current line. By now,  ED is ready for commands.
Command level is indicated by an arrow '===>'. There are three modes in
the editor. They are edit mode or command mode, input mode and change mode.
A blank character between command arguments is optional.
  ED provides an information facility which can help the user during 
an editing session.
This information contains a brief description of the syntax of the command,
and the purpose of it. It also provides the list of text processor 
commands.
All the edit commands, including the information request, will be briefly
explained in the following paragraphs.
Argumants depicted by n1 and n2 are signed integer numbers. 
.nf
  n1 or n2        meaning
    25            line number 25
    -10           line number ten prior to the current line.
    +5            line  number  five relative to the current 
                  line.
.fi
    Several function keys are dedicated as text processor commands
input. These function keys are shown in figure 13.
.bp
.ce 
INFORMATION REQUEST
Format:
  ?[char]

Operand:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  char...........Char is one of an ED's character command.
.in -16

Description:
  The information request command requests information and instructions for 
obtaining assistance and detailed messages on the ED. 
The information command '?' followed by a carriage return, prints an
introduction to ED, an instruction for obtaining more detailed information,
and a list of valid TEXT commands (for text processor "TEXT").
  These are the list of information command options.
.nf
.ls 1

  ?               general information
  ?a              append info
  ?c              change line info
  ?d              delete lines info
  ?i              insert info
  ?k              copy line info
  ?l              locate line info
  ?m              move line info
  ?p              print lines info
  ?q              quit from ED info
  ?s              substitute substring info
  ?t              text processor commands list info
  ?w              write file info

.fi
.ls 2
Question mark '?' should appear in the first column of line.
Blank characters or tab separates the question mark and character
command are ignored. Only the first displayable character of a command
is checked, and the rest   is ignored.
.bp
.ce
APPEND
Format:
.ls 1
  a
  <text>
  .
.ls 2

Description:
  The APPEND command is used to change the edit mode to the input mode.
This command consists of an ASCII character 'a' followed immediately by carriage
return. ED will give a respond: 'APPEND:' and carriage return. Then
ED is ready to accept input text. Input lines are appended to the current
line where the append begins. The line containing only a period, ends the 
input mode. ED will give a prompt with 'EDIT:' followed by carriage
return, and edit level indicator '===>.'

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>a
  APPEND:
       This text is appended to the 
       current line. The input mode will be
       ended by the line contains a period only,
       like the line below
       .
  EDIT:
  ====>
.ls 2

.bp 
.ce 
CHANGE LINE
Format:
  c

Description:
  The CHANGE command is used to make a change in a line by using cursor 
movement in the displayed line. A keyboard entry is used  to make changes.
ED displays the
current line, and brings the cursor to the beginning of the displayed
line. The FS key (-->) or CTRL-\ is used to move the cursor forward without
destructs. The rubout key is used to move the cursor backward without 
destructs. Only displayable characters, blank character, and tab
will be accepted as character entry for replacement. Tab is displayed
as upward arrow '^' to improve clarity. A carriage return entry ends the
change mode. The content of the line is just like as displayed before
the carriage return entry, no matter at which position the carriage return
is entered to terminate the change mode. 
.bp
.ce
DELETE LINES
Format:
  [n1][,n2]d

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -14
n1............Beginning
line number to be deleted. If not specified, the current line
is assumed. If preceded by plus or minus sign, n1 is added or subtracted
to the current line.
.ti -16
  n2............Ending line number to be deleted. If not specified, only one line is 
deleted.
.br
.in -16

Description:
  Delete command is used to delete a line or a group of lines in the buffer.
The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current line.

Example:
.nf
  3d              deletes line number three.
  3,6d            deletes lines number three through six.
  ,+5d            deletes the current line through next 
                  five lines.
  d               deletes the current line.
.fi
.bp
.ce 
INSERT
Format:
.ls 1
  i
  <text>
  .
.ls 2

Description:
  The INSERT command is used to insert an additional line or lines into
a buffer preceding the current line. The input text is ended by typing
a period alone at the beginning of the line, followed by a carriage return.
This command differs from the APPEND command only in the placement of
the input text.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>i
  INSERT:
       This text is inserted prior to
       the current line.
       .
  EDIT:
  ====>
.ls 2

.bp
.ce 
COPY LINE
Format:
  n1,n2 k

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n1............The line number to be copied.
If preceded by plus or minus sign, n1 is added or subtracted to the
current line.
.ti -16
  n2............The destination to where the line must be copied.
If preceded by plus or minus sign, n2 is added or subtracted to the
current line.
.br
.in -16

Description:
  The COPY command is used to copy the line specified, to the line destination.
This new line becomes the current line. If the destination line is greater than
or equal with the last line number, this line will be appended to the
last line.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>3,8k
    8  (the new line is displayed here).
  ====>
.ls 2
.bp
.ce 
LOCATE LINE
Format:
  l/pattern/
  
Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -14
/.............A delimiter of the pattern specified. Any displayable character may be used
instead of a slash.

.ti -14
pattern.......The string pattern to be searched, which contains no delimiter.

.in -16
Description:
  The LOCATE command is used to locate the first line, starting from the current
line, which has the occurance of the pattern specified.
If the last line is reached and no pattern is matched, ED will prompt with
a message - 'CANNOT FIND:' followed by the pattern specified.
If locate is successful, the line will be displayed, and becomes
the current line.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>l;ofrmat;
    23 Each command has its own ofrmat.
  ====>
.ls 2

.bp
.ce
MOVE LINE
Format:
  n1,n2 m

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -14
n1............The line to be moved. If preceded by plus or minus sign, n1
is added or subtracted to the current line.

.ti -14
n2............The new location of the moved line. If preceded by plus or minus sign,
n2 is added or subtracted to the current line.

.in -16
Description:
  The MOVE command is used to move a line from one location
to another. The new location of the line becomes the current line.
This line is removed from the old location.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>11,20m
    20 (the moved line is displayed here).
  ====>
.ls 2

.bp
.ce 
PRINT LINES

Format:
  [n1] [,n2]|+|-|:

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  n1............The beginning line to be displayed.
.ti -16
  n2............The last line to be displayed.
.ti -16
  +.............The line after the current line.
.ti -16
  -.............The line prior to the current line.
.ti -16
  :.............Displays 16 lines starting from the current line.

.in -16
Description:
  The print lines command requests ED to type out a group of one or more
lines. Carriage return without any character preceding it, by default
print the current line.

Example:
.nf
  ====>1,5           prints line one through line five.
  ====>,+9           prints 10 lines starting from the current
                     line.
  ====>25            prints line number 25.
.fi

.bp
.ce
QUIT

Format:
  q

Description:
  The quit command is used to exit the edit session without alternate
the source file. All resulting edit is lost. This command is treated as
erroneous. ED will prompt with the message "WRITE?????" whenever the
first entry of quit command is requested.
Subsequent quit command  ends the editing.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>q
  WRITE????
  ====>q
  -
.ls 2

.bp
.ce
SUBSTITUTE

Format:
  [n1] [,n2] s/pattern/repl/[g]

Operands:
.br
.in +16
.ti -16
  /.............delimiter, any displayable character may be used instead
of a slash character.
.ti -16
  n1............the beginning line of substitution. If not specified
the current line is assumed.
.ti -16
  n2............the ending line of substitution. n2 should be greater
than n1
.ti -16
  pattern.......the pattern to be replaced.
.ti -16
  repl..........the replacement string. Null string is included.
.ti -16
  g.............global replacement indicator.

.in -16
Description:
  The substitute command is used to search an occurance
of the specified pattern, and replace it with the replacement string.
If the replacement is done, the line is displayed. If no occurance is found,
ED gives a message: "CANNOT FIND:  'pattern'."
If global replacement indicator is used, all occurances of patterns in 
each line are substituted.
Line length is truncated to 128 if the resulting replacement makes the line
length overflow.

Example:
  ====>16,40s;change;replace;g

.bp
.ce
WRITE FILE

Format:
  w

Description:
  The write file command is used to write the updated file. The source file
name is used as an updated file. No backup file is created.

Example:
.ls 1

  ====>w
  -
.ls 2

